Sunday, September 11, 2011
review on the issue on implanting human material in animals for biomedical research
About this issue, I read this on the website: http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2011/News/WTVM052217.htm. This issue, involves implanting human materials within animals to better understand the human body, better understand diseases and from there on, produce treatments for the disease. For example, mice carrying human genes are widely used to study many diseases, including neurological and anxiety disorders, osteoporosis, heart disease and cancer and, goats that have a human gene incorporated in their genome are used to produce a human protein (an antithrombin) which is used to treat blood clotting disorders, etc. These are some examples of how implanting human material in animals is used for. The scientist doing this experiment, realizes that this might introduce certain ethical issues, and therefore, has a regular and ongoing discussion on this topic, to be open about it and address any ethical issues. The result from this experiment, is that scientist are able to better understand illnesses and diseases that are currently untreatable, such as cancer, HIV and hepatitis. They are then, able to speed up the process of creating drugs to cure these diseases or illnesses.
review on the issue of the difference between the emotions experienced by a female and male
From the report that I read from: http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/News/2011/News/WTVM052517.htm, I learned that females and males experience emotions differently. Research has shown that females tend to have a heightened neutral response when anticipating a negative event as compared to males. For example, when watching a movie, when a scary thing is about to happen, there will be scary music playing beforehand and this causes the audience to anticipate what will happen and, research has shown that females tend to show more brain neural responses when anticipating that scene. Males, however, only show more of their neural responses when the scene is shown, and not when anticipating the scene. This study could allow psychiatrist to more effectively treat their patients, because, now they know that females tend to have a heightened neural response when anticipating a negative thing.
Saturday, September 10, 2011
comic strip that I did on bonding of atoms
This is a comic strip that I did on the bonding of atoms. This is the first page.
This is the second page
This is the second page
Comic strip that I did on ecology
This is the comic strip that I did on the different types of interactions between organism in an ecosystem. This is the first page.
This is the second page.
This is the third page.
This is the second page.
This is the third page.
Reflection on term 3 results
In term 3, my science test I scored 91. I was quite proud of myself as this is the term before the end of year exams and I studied hard. I am also glad that I scored A1 for all three terms and I hope that I would get exempted for science. In case I do not get exempted, I will still study hard for the end of year paper for science. In terms of class participation, I am also very glad about my own performance. I participated a lot and managed to get 10 oral participation points. I also managed to hand up my homework on time and got excellent for both work attitude and meeting the deadline. In terms of ACE, I also got 5, so I am really satisfied with myself for this term.
Reflection on term 2 results
In term 2, my science test I got an A1. I felt quite proud of myself because, I really studied hard for this test. Even though I got an A1, I cannot get complacent and relax. Since my aim is to get exempted for science, I will continue to work hard and try my best to get an A1 for term 3 as well. In terms of the mistakes that I made, I will review them, learn what went wrong and work on it such that I would not repeat the same mistake. About my class performance, I felt that I did quite a good job on it as well, as I participated in the class discussions and learned quite a lot. All in all, I am quite satisfied with my performance for this term, and I will work hard for term 3.
Reflection on what I had learned in term 3
I learned biology in term 3. The 2 main topics that I learned in term 3 is ecology and human reproductive system.
In ecology, I learned about the different factors affecting the ecosystem, the energy flow in each food chain or web and the importance of conserving the environment. Firstly, there are 2 different types of factors affecting the ecosystem. That is abiotic factors and biotic factors. Abiotic factors represents non-living factors, for example, the temperature in the ecosystem, the humidity, the amount of water etc. Biotic factors represents factors that involve living things, for example, mutualism, commensalism, predation, parasitism etc. Next, I learned that the energy passed down from one organism through the other by eating them is only 10% of the total energy from the eaten organism. So, from this we could see why a food chain has only up to a maximum of 4-5 organism. This is because, if we see that the plant(producer) gets eaten, the primary consumer will only gain 10% of its energy. Then, if the primary consumer gets eaten by the secondary consumer, it only gets 1% of the energy. Lastly, if the tertiary consumer eats the secondary consumer, it only gets 0.1% of the energy. When it reaches the fourth or the fifth consumer, there is barely enough energy left for them. That is why a food chain only has about 4-5 organism and, that is the energy flow within the food chain. Lastly, the importance of conserving the environment is to, prevent the extinction of the organisms, to prevent the disruption within the natural cycles, the ecosystem and prevent global warming. It is also to conserve our food source, maintain a large gene pool, for the study of evolution and for recreational purposes. That is what I learned for ecology.
The other topic that I learned in term 3 was the human reproductive system. In the topic on human reproductive system, I learned the different parts, functions and names of the human reproductive system. I also learned about the menstrual cycle. In a male's reproductive system, there are 5 main parts, and they are the testis, epididymis, sperm duct, glands and the penis. The testis is the part which produces sperms, which is the male sexual cell. The epididymis is the place which stores the sperms. It is also the part which contracts to ejaculate the sperms. The sperm duct's function is to transport the sperm to the urethra which is within the penis. The glands is used to produce alkaline to neutralize the acidity in the female reproductive system, it is also used to activate the sperms and provide the sperms with nutrients. The penis is used to insert into the vagina when erected. In a female reproductive system, there are also 5 main parts, and they are, the ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix and the vagina. The ovary, produces the female sexual cell, which is the ovum. It also produces female sex hormones. The oviduct delivers the ovum to the uterus. The uterus, prepares for the implantation of the fertilized egg and is used to push the fetus out during birth. The cervix and vagina are just parts of the female reproductive systems. Next thing I learned was the menstrual cycle. During this cycle, there are three main events that will occur. The first, is the menstruation-follicular phase which happens usually during day 1-14. During this period, the body discharges blood and the breakdown product of the thick uterine lining from the vagina. The next event is the ovulation phase, which also happens on day 14. During this day, a mature ovum is released from the oviduct. The last event to happen in the menstrual cycle is the luteal phase, which happens from day 14 to day 28. During this phase, the uterine lining becomes thicker.
That is what I learned in term 3.
In ecology, I learned about the different factors affecting the ecosystem, the energy flow in each food chain or web and the importance of conserving the environment. Firstly, there are 2 different types of factors affecting the ecosystem. That is abiotic factors and biotic factors. Abiotic factors represents non-living factors, for example, the temperature in the ecosystem, the humidity, the amount of water etc. Biotic factors represents factors that involve living things, for example, mutualism, commensalism, predation, parasitism etc. Next, I learned that the energy passed down from one organism through the other by eating them is only 10% of the total energy from the eaten organism. So, from this we could see why a food chain has only up to a maximum of 4-5 organism. This is because, if we see that the plant(producer) gets eaten, the primary consumer will only gain 10% of its energy. Then, if the primary consumer gets eaten by the secondary consumer, it only gets 1% of the energy. Lastly, if the tertiary consumer eats the secondary consumer, it only gets 0.1% of the energy. When it reaches the fourth or the fifth consumer, there is barely enough energy left for them. That is why a food chain only has about 4-5 organism and, that is the energy flow within the food chain. Lastly, the importance of conserving the environment is to, prevent the extinction of the organisms, to prevent the disruption within the natural cycles, the ecosystem and prevent global warming. It is also to conserve our food source, maintain a large gene pool, for the study of evolution and for recreational purposes. That is what I learned for ecology.
The other topic that I learned in term 3 was the human reproductive system. In the topic on human reproductive system, I learned the different parts, functions and names of the human reproductive system. I also learned about the menstrual cycle. In a male's reproductive system, there are 5 main parts, and they are the testis, epididymis, sperm duct, glands and the penis. The testis is the part which produces sperms, which is the male sexual cell. The epididymis is the place which stores the sperms. It is also the part which contracts to ejaculate the sperms. The sperm duct's function is to transport the sperm to the urethra which is within the penis. The glands is used to produce alkaline to neutralize the acidity in the female reproductive system, it is also used to activate the sperms and provide the sperms with nutrients. The penis is used to insert into the vagina when erected. In a female reproductive system, there are also 5 main parts, and they are, the ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix and the vagina. The ovary, produces the female sexual cell, which is the ovum. It also produces female sex hormones. The oviduct delivers the ovum to the uterus. The uterus, prepares for the implantation of the fertilized egg and is used to push the fetus out during birth. The cervix and vagina are just parts of the female reproductive systems. Next thing I learned was the menstrual cycle. During this cycle, there are three main events that will occur. The first, is the menstruation-follicular phase which happens usually during day 1-14. During this period, the body discharges blood and the breakdown product of the thick uterine lining from the vagina. The next event is the ovulation phase, which also happens on day 14. During this day, a mature ovum is released from the oviduct. The last event to happen in the menstrual cycle is the luteal phase, which happens from day 14 to day 28. During this phase, the uterine lining becomes thicker.
That is what I learned in term 3.
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